Adaptive Immunity, Defesas Imunológicas, Imunidade Inata, Immune System E Sistema Imunológico
Resumo
Introdução: As bactérias apresentam uma série de mecanismos químicos que lhes garantem resistência a condições extremas do ambiente. Frente a sérios danos que podem ser causados, vê-se a importância do sistema imunológico na defesa e combate aos agentes agressores. Objetivo: Caracterizar as principais células envolvidas no mecanismo de defesa do sistema imunológico contra superbactérias. Material e métodos: As buscas foram realizadas em bases de dados bibliográficas — SciELO, BIREME, LILACS, livros de Imunologia e Patologia. Incluiu-se artigos do período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2019, com delineamento experimental ou observacional, em Inglês, Português e Espanhol. Resultados: O sistema complemento atua na destruição de microrganismos infecciosos, caracterizando-se por apresentar três vias, a clássica, a lectina de ligação à manana (MBL) e a via alternativa. Os neutrófilos geram fibras extracelulares, chamadas de “neutrophil extracellular traps” (NETs), caracterizando uma nova estratégia de remoção de patógenos (bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas). Por meio da liberação de proteínas com atividade microbicida, os macrófagos podem destruir esses micro-organismos. Alguns micro-organismos podem ser resistentes à ação microbicida, assim, os macrófagos tornam-se grandes e multinucleados, impedindo a disseminação do patógeno. Preparados para lançar EETs em resposta a um produto bacteriano, os eosinófilos, demonstraram que ocorre morte de 90% das bactérias inoculadas, por um mecanismo independente da fagocitose. Além disso, eosinófilos intestinais e deposição de DNA extracelular, permitiram proteção contra sepse microbiana. Os linfócitos B são os responsáveis por produzir os anticorpos, porém os anticorpos não penetram nas células hospedeiras, a defesa primária contra o patógeno no citosol é o linfócito T citotóxico. Os TCLs são uma subdivisão de linfócitos T que irão expressam um tipo de antígeno nas suas superfícies chamado CD8. Reconhecem antígenos do patógeno e matam pela indução de apoptose, impedindo que a infecção se espalhe. Conclusão: Todos os mecanismos de defesas apresentados, trabalham para eliminar o patógeno. E através da revisão bibliográfica, é possível entender como o organismo age na presença desses microrganismos, assim, identificar quando há uma resistência dos patógenos, principalmente a das superbactérias, que estão cada vez mais resistentes.
Publicado
2021-04-24
Como Citar
Da Silva, M. C. R., Monteiro , D. V. D. S., Dos Santos, D. D. L. ., Nunes, E. ., & Brabo, J. S. (2021). MECANISMO DE DEFESA DO SISTEMA IMUNOLÓGICO CONTRA ÀS SUPERBACTÉRIAS. Revista Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, 2(2), 06. https://doi.org/10.51161/rems/945
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