Covid-19, Tempestade De Citocinas, Interleucina-6, Sars-cov-2
Resumo
Introdução: O vírus SARS-CoV-2 invade a célula hospedeira através da ligação entre a proteína viral SPIKE e o receptor ECA-2. A resposta antiviral ativa vias inflamatórias do sistema imune. Entretanto, uma resposta exacerbada com hiper-citocinemia pró-inflamatória, na chamada Tempestade de Citocinas (TC), pode evoluir com Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo (SRDA) e falência múltipla dos órgãos. Objetivos: Analisar a relação entre a tempestade de citocinas na COVID-19 e a evolução da doença. Material e métodos: Realizou-se revisão narrativa com busca de artigos publicados entre 2020 e 2021, na base de dados PubMed, partindo dos descritores boleanos “Cytokine Storm and COVID-19”. Contabilizou-se 2359 artigos e foram filtradas revisões e revisões sistemáticas cujo título apresentasse os descritores, totalizando 70 trabalhos científicos. Após avaliação criteriosa 11 artigos foram selecionados por convergirem com a temática proposta. Resultados: A TC inicia-se com a expressão de fatores de transcrição indutores de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como NF-kB. Com isso, padrões sinalizadores resultam na secreção das citocinas de fase aguda (TNF-α, IL1-β e IL-6), responsáveis pela hiperinflamação encontrada na COVID-19. Deficiências na lise de células apresentadoras de antígenos infectadas prolongam as interações entre células do sistema imune, provocando secreção exacerbada de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como TNF, interferon-γ, interleucinas 1 e 6. TNF e IL-1 induzem o fator de tecido pró-coagulante (TF), ocasionando trombose imunomediada. Já a IL-6 promove uma síndrome de ativação macrofágica, desencadeando hiper-citocinemia pró-inflamatória e danos ao epitélio pulmonar.Conclusão: A rápida replicação viral nos primeiros estágios da infecção resulta em resposta pró-inflamatória exacerbada, com aumento da liberação de IL-6, IL-1 e TNFα e outras citocinas, gerando um quadro grave de hiperinflamação secundária à infecção por COVID-19, frequentemente associado a um pior prognóstico. Surge, assim, o dilema das terapias imunomoduladoras, pois optar pela repressão da atividade do sistema imunológico poderia prejudicar a eliminação viral e produção de anticorpos, além de favorecer o surgimento de infecções oportunistas.
Publicado
2021-04-24
Como Citar
Albuquerque, A. C. B., Albuquerque, J. B., Gomes, V. M. D. O., Martins, D. R., & Watanabe, A. S. A. (2021). A TEMPESTADE DE CITOCINAS NA COVID-19: UMA REVISÃO NARRATIVA. Revista Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, 2(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.51161/rems/964
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