Introdução: A Leishmaniose tegumentar é uma doença parasitária, crônica e infecciosa, sendo uma das principais doenças negligenciadas. É caracterizada pela infecção ativa do protozoário do gênero Leishmania, caracterizada pelo desenvolvimento de lesões cutâneas, que podem produzir úlceras e deixar cicatrizes, gerando danos físicos e emocionais nos indivíduos infectados. Por sua fácil transmissão, que se dá através de insetos hematófagos, flebotomíneos, é importante o estudo das formas de ação do parasita no organismo humano, visando-se formas de tratamento mais eficientes, já que a doença atinge muitos indivíduos nas regiões endêmicas e não existem muitas alternativas para o tratamento. Objetivo: Analisar a infecção do parasita do gênero Leishmania no organismo e sua respectiva ação no sistema imune. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados científicos Scielo, PubMed, LILACS e Google Acadêmico, considerou-se publicações de artigos científicos dos últimos cinco anos. Resultados e discussão: O ciclo evolutivo da Leishmania apresenta duas formas: promastigota, encontrada no vetor, e amastigota, forma intracelular presente nos hospedeiros. Os glicanos, polissacarídeos, possuem importante papel durante o processo infeccioso, os glicoconjugados como glicoinositolfosfolipídios e proteofosfoglicanos tipo mucina estão envolvidos nas primeiras linhas de infecção por macrófagos. Já as glicoproteínas ancoradas por sitol exercem funções essenciais na interação parasita-hospedeiro. A metaloprotease modula uma ampla via de sinalização das células hospedeiras, facilita o escape do parasita da lise e inibe a resposta das células Natural Killers, protegendo os parasitas intracelulares. Outros fatores importantes no processo infeccioso são a proteína PSA-2, envolvida na ligação e invasão dos parasitas em macrófagos e o ácido siálico, utilizados pela Leishmania para estabelecer ligações com os receptores da membrana, presentes nas células hematopoiéticas, promovendo sua entrada nos macrófagos. Conclusão: A compreensão destas interações entre parasita e hospedeiro durante e após o processo infeccioso é importante para ter uma visão de como os protozoários implementam a infecção no organismo e burlam a resposta imune do hospedeiro. Desta forma, novos medicamentos que sejam direcionados a estes fatores, seriam fundamentais para a melhoria da eficácia, segurança do tratamento e diminuição dos riscos de resistência aos medicamentos, com a redução dos riscos de consequências nocivas advindas desta enfermidade.
Publicado
2021-04-24
Como Citar
Matias, M. D. G. D. L. ., Júnior, E. L. D. S., Silva, . T. A. F. D. S., Pereira, D. A. D. L., & Santos, G. D. de M. . (2021). A LEISHMANIA TEGUMENTAR AMERICANA E A AÇÃO DO PARASITA NO SISTEMA IMUNE. Revista Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, 2(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.51161/rems/963
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