SÍNDROME DO PRIMEIRO NEURÔNIO MOTOR, PARESIA, HIPERREFLEXÃO E EXCITOTOXICIDADE
Resumo
Introdução: A Síndrome do Primeiro Neurônio Motor (SPNM) é o comprometimento do trato piramidal descendente do sistema nervoso central que afeta o funcionamento da musculatura esquelética. As manifestações clínicas dessa disfunção são caracterizadas por excitotoxicidade e fraqueza dos membros inferiores. Nesse ensejo, o exame neurológico realizado na primeira consulta clínica, é de fundamental importância para retardar a evolução da SPNM. Objetivo: Identificar de forma precoce os sinais e sintomas da SPNM durante o exame neurológico. Material e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão narrativa, com viés descritivo e exploratório. Realizada no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2022. Utilizou para fundamentação teóricas as bases de dados LILACS e a biblioteca SciELO, com associação dos descritores: “Síndrome do primeiro neurônio motor” AND “Síndromes neurológicas” OR “Excitotoxicidade”, correlacionadas aos operadores booleanos: “AND” e “OR”. Os critérios de inclusão: artigos disponíveis na integra no formato digital nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, publicados no recorte temporal de 2014 a 2022. Os critérios de exclusão: revisões, boletins e artigos que não abordassem a temática de estudo. Foram encontrados 75 resultados, sendo 10 foram selecionados para compor o escopo do estudo. Resultados: A SPNM abrange manifestações que impossibilitam a locomoção dos indivíduos com prevalência na faixa etária de 30 aos 60 anos, a qual anualmente acomete 2 a cada 100.000 indivíduos, com maior morbidade no sexo masculino. Durante avaliação clínica é possível criar hipóteses diagnósticas a partir das queixas captadas durante a anamnese e/ou no exame físico neurológico. Avalia-se o primeiro sinal, a marcha, que é classificada em hemiplégica, ataxo-espática ou paretoespástica. Posteriormente, inspeciona-se o paciente, detecta-se alterações tegumentares, nos fâneros, hipertonia, hiperreflexia total, dificuldade de movimentação ativa, passiva e especializada com paresia total ou segmentar. A SPNM manifesta-se com diversos sintomas conforme a patologia ocasionada, tendo médico a responsabilidade de relacionar os achados ao diagnóstico sindrômico e orientar o paciente na busca precoce por tratamento especializado. Conclusão: Portanto, é imprescindível a atuação médica de forma holística sobre o paciente. Tal ação assegura resolubilidade no processo saúde-doença ao paciente com SPNM, haja vista, que o exame neurológico prévio garante um melhor prognóstico.
Publicado
2022-03-16
Como Citar
Silva, C. V. S. da ., Lucena, G. L. de ., Martins, T. M. ., Barboza, B. R. L. ., & Bezerra, K. D. S. . (2022). RELEVÂNCIA DO DIAGNÓSTICO PRECOCE NO CONTEXTO DA SÍNDROME DO PRIMEIRO NEURÔNIO MOTOR. Revista Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, 2(4), 355. https://doi.org/10.51161/rems/3302
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