INTRODUÇÃO: Segundo os dados do boletim epidemiológico do Ministério da Saúde, foram notificados 342.459 casos de infecção pelo vírus HIV no Brasil, entre os períodos de junho de 2007 a junho de 2020, demonstrando uma grande incidência da doença no país. Cabe salientar que o vírus é capaz de degradar as células do sistema imunológico, levando ao processo de imunossupressão, deixando o organismo suscetível a doenças oportunistas. OBJETIVOS: O estudo irá avaliar os mecanismos da resposta imune frente a uma invasão pelo vírus do HIV, por meio de um levantamento bibliográfico. METODOLOGIA: O presente trabalho tratou-se de um estudo descritivo que fez uso da base de dados do portal PUBMED, por meio da combinação das seguintes palavras chaves: HIV infection, CD4+ T cells, immune response e review. No total, foram disponibilizados 16 artigos pela plataforma para recuperação dos dados. RESULTADOS: Os mecanismos de defesa contra a infecção pelo HIV iniciam com a entrada do vírus pela barreira epitelial, mediados por receptores de quimiocinas CCR5 e CXCR4 e a molécula de superfície celular CD4. Ocorre o encontro com as células dendríticas, por meio do reconhecimento PAMP-TLR e a maturação das mesmas, que irão conduzir os antígenos aos linfonodos, iniciando a apresentação aos linfócitos T que, num contexto favorável, se ativam. Por meio do processo de sinapse infecciosa, os vírus podem comprometer os linfócitos T-CD4+ de memória efetora – seu principal alvo. A perda desses linfócitos ocorre por apoptose dependente caspase-3 após a produção de novos vírions. É esse processo de morte celular que impulsiona a progressão clínica para a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS). Nas primeiras semanas após a infecção, ressalta-se que a viremia aguda também é responsável pela ativação de células T-CD8+. Ressalta-se também que o sistema imune inato contribui nesse processo, uma vez que reconhecerá o RNA viral ativando respostas, como a expressão do IFN- tipo I e interleucinas. No entanto, o vírus se aproveita dessa situação, criando um ambiente favorável para sua replicação. CONCLUSÕES: As infecções oportunistas que ocorrem em pacientes HIV/AIDS estão relacionadas sobretudo à depleção de linfócitos T CD4+ que o vírus provoca.
Publicado
2021-04-24
Como Citar
Barbosa, K. E. (2021). DESDOBRAMENTOS DA RESPOSTA IMUNOLÓGICA FRENTE À INFECÇÃO PELO VÍRUS DO HIV: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA. Revista Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, 2(2), 08. https://doi.org/10.51161/rems/948
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